ABSTRACT Quinoa is a highly adaptable crop due to its considerable genetic variability, making it an important trait for cultivation under different soil and climatic conditions. To achieve crop-wide adaptation, it is essential to identify variability based on morpho-agronomic differences and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction. This study aimed to characterize eight quinoa progenies in Brazil and Colombia. The experiments in Brazil were conducted in an irrigated area of the Fazenda Água Limpa, Universidade de Brasília, at 1,100 m, on two dates: March to July 2018 and May to August 2019. In Colombia, experiments were carried out in Santander de Quilichao and Popayán at 1,100 and 1,800 m, respectively. The treatments consisted of five progenies selected in Brazil, one from Colombia, and two from Ecuador. The experiments followed a complete randomized block design, with eight progenies and four replications. For statistical analysis, the F test was used with p≤0.01 and p≤0.05. Means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test. The AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) analysis was performed, combining analysis of variance and analysis of principal components, to adjust the main effects of genotypes (G) and environments (E) and the GxE interaction. Significant differences were found at p≤0.01 and p≤0.05 for environments, genotypes, and the interaction of GxE. The progenies with wide adaptation to environments were BRX2, BRX5, BRX6 (selected from BRS Syetetuba) and PRIX (selected from Piartal), with average yields above 3,151.95 kg/ha. The genotypes showed differences at the same location in different periods, expressing the need to carry out selection for specific periods and locations. Genotypes BRX5 and BRX6 showed high agronomic potential in all evaluated environments, being promising for future genetic improvement programs.

RESUMO A quinoa é uma cultura altamente adaptável devido à sua considerável variabilidade genética, tornando-se uma característica importante para cultivo em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas. Para conhecer a adaptação da cultura, é essencial identificar a variabilidade com base nas diferenças morfo-agronômicas e interação genótipo x ambiente (GxE). Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar oito progênies de quinoa no Brasil e na Colômbia. Os experimentos no Brasil foram conduzidos em área irrigada da Fazenda Água Limpa, Universidade de Brasília, a 1.100 m, em duas datas: março a julho de 2018 e maio a agosto de 2019. Na Colômbia, os experimentos foram realizados em Santander de Quilichao e Popayán a 1.100 e 1.800 m, respectivamente. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco progênies selecionadas no Brasil, uma da Colômbia e duas do Equador. Os experimentos seguiram o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com oito progênies e quatro repetições. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste F com p≤0,01 e p≤0,05. As médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Foi realizada a análise AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction), combinando análise de variância e análise de componentes principais, para ajustar os principais efeitos dos genótipos (G) e ambientes (E) e da interação GxE. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas em p≤0,01 e p≤0,05 para ambientes, genótipos e interação GxE. As progênies com ampla adaptação aos ambientes foram BRX2, BRX5, BRX6 (selecionadas em BRS Syetetuba) e PRIX (selecionadas em Piartal), com rendimentos médios acima de 3.151,95 kg/ha. Os genótipos apresentaram diferenças no mesmo local em diferentes períodos, expressando a necessidade de realização de seleção para períodos e locais específicos. Os genótipos BRX5 e BRX6 apresentaram elevado potencial agronômico em todos os ambientes avaliados, sendo promissores para futuros programas de melhoramento genético.

Abstract Quinoa is a self-pollinating species with very small flowers, which hinders efficiency in crossbreeding. Therefore, developing an efficient crossbreeding method should be considered an important step for breeding programs. In this regard, the objective of this study was to obtain hybrids, estimate the rate of natural hybridization, and estimate genetic parameters and agronomic characteristics of the F2 generation. Crossbreeding assays were set up in three environments with four parents, using two methodologies, pot planting and field planting. Morphological markers were used to identify the hybrids, which were self-pollinated to obtain the F2 generation. The results indicated that cross-pollination ranged from 3.81% to 19.88% depending on the planting methodology. The presence of pigmentation was dominant compared to its absence. The most prominent hybrid was obtained from the cross P88 x BX4, showing grain yield of 3000 kg ha-1. Broad-sense heritability was identified with values exceeding 81.27% for all variables.

ABSTRACT The introduction of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Brazilian savanna has been successful based on the selection of progeny from valley types. Given the wide variation of environments, an alternative to define the maturation cycle of the plant has been the use of accumulated thermal units (ATU). This measure allows prediction of the plant cycle and supports the definition of phenology duration useful in crop management and quinoa breeding. This study aimed at calculating the ATU for the 13 codes of the BBCH scale of quinoa by evaluating 12 selected progenies grown in two sowing dates, at 15° 56’ S and 47° 55’ W, altitude of 1.100 m, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Statistical differences were predominant from the beginning of the BBCH-50 reproductive phases, classifying the progenies as early, mid-cycle and late. Early maturity progenies and respective ATU for BBCH-89 are BRQ4 (1.676,8), BRQ1 (1,685), and AUR (1,691), contrasting with late BLA (2.239), BRQ3 (1,929.1 GDD), and BRQ8 (1,895). The accumulated thermal units for BBCH-89 ranged from 1565.25 to 2381, with a difference between the earliest and latest genotypes of 815.75. Progenies selected from existing cultivars are different in thermal unit accumulation, ensuing efficiency in cultivar acquisition to stagger quinoa cultivation. Accumulated thermal units explain the range of plant maturity cycles in selection. Additionally, the calculation of atu for BBCH scale codes is an effective tool for predicting the phenological cycle of quinoa.

RESUMEN La introducción de la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) en la Sabana Brasileña ha tenido éxito basada en la selección de progenies de los tipos de valle. Dada la amplia variación de ambientes, una alternativa para definir el ciclo de madurez de la planta ha sido el uso del tiempo térmico acumulado (TTA). Esta medida permite la predicción del ciclo de la planta y proporciona apoyo para definir la duración de la fenología, siendo útil en el manejo y mejoramiento de los cultivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo calcular las unidades térmicas para 13 códigos de la escala BBCH de la quinua, mediante la evaluación de 12 progenies seleccionadas y cultivadas en dos fechas de siembra, a 15° 56' S y 47° 55' O, altitud de 1.100 m, Brasilia, DF, Brasil. Las diferencias estadísticas fueron predominantes desde el inicio de las fases reproductivas BBCH-50, clasificando las progenies como precoces, de ciclo medio y tardías. Las progenies de madurez temprana y sus respectivos ATU para BBCH-89 son BRQ4 (1.676,8), BRQ1 (1.685) y AUR (1.691), contrastando con las tardías BLA (2.239), BRQ3 (1.929,1 GDD) y BRQ8 (1.895). Las unidades térmicas acumuladas para BBCH-89 oscilaron entre 1.565,25 y 2.381, con una diferencia entre los genotipos más precoces y los más tardíos de 815,75. Las progenies seleccionadas de los cultivares existentes son diferentes en cuanto a la acumulación de unidades térmicas, lo que implica la eficiencia en la adquisición de cultivares para escalonar el cultivo de quinua. Las unidades térmicas acumuladas explican el rango de ciclos de maduración de las plantas en la selección. Además, el cálculo del TTA para los códigos de la escala BBCH es una herramienta eficaz para predecir el ciclo fenológico de la quinua.